The impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in urban areas of Plateau State
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- NGN 5000
Background of the Study
The rapid urbanization and industrial growth in Plateau State have led to an increase in air pollution levels, raising significant public health concerns. Urban centers in the state are experiencing heightened concentrations of pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These pollutants, largely emitted from vehicular exhaust, industrial activities, and construction dust, contribute to deteriorating air quality and pose serious risks to respiratory health (Johnson, 2023). Urban residents, particularly those living in congested areas near major roads and industrial zones, are continuously exposed to these harmful pollutants, increasing the prevalence of respiratory ailments like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis (Adeyemi, 2024).
In addition to direct respiratory issues, long-term exposure to polluted air can lead to a deterioration in lung function and an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The environmental degradation in urban areas is compounded by inadequate regulatory enforcement and insufficient green spaces, which traditionally help mitigate air pollution. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that populations in urban Plateau State experience higher hospitalization rates and mortality linked to respiratory diseases, suggesting a strong association between air pollution levels and adverse health outcomes (Okeke, 2025).
This study intends to investigate the relationship between air pollutant concentrations and the incidence of respiratory diseases in urban settings. By integrating air quality monitoring data with hospital admission records, the research aims to provide empirical evidence that supports the development of more effective air quality management policies. The study will also assess the current state of regulatory frameworks and community-level interventions designed to reduce pollutant exposure. The insights generated are expected to guide future public health policies and targeted interventions to improve urban air quality and mitigate respiratory health risks.
Statement of the Problem
Urban areas in Plateau State are experiencing a surge in respiratory diseases that coincide with increasing levels of air pollution. Despite existing measures to regulate emissions, air quality remains poor, resulting in a significant public health burden. High concentrations of pollutants—primarily from vehicular and industrial sources—are linked to rising cases of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory conditions (Nwankwo, 2023).
A critical gap exists in localized research that quantifies the specific relationship between air pollution and respiratory health outcomes in Plateau State. Many studies focus on national or regional trends, leaving local policymakers without the detailed evidence required to design targeted interventions. Furthermore, the inconsistent enforcement of environmental regulations and limited public awareness about air pollution's health risks exacerbate the problem. Without a coordinated approach to air quality management, urban populations remain highly vulnerable to respiratory complications (Ogunleye, 2024).
This study aims to address these gaps by analyzing the direct correlation between air pollutant levels and respiratory disease incidence in urban Plateau State. The findings will support the formulation of improved environmental policies and public health interventions, which are critical for reducing the health burden of air pollution. Failure to act on these insights could continue to strain the healthcare systemand compromise the well-being of urban residents.
Objectives of the Study
- To evaluate the relationship between air pollutant concentrations and respiratory disease prevalence in urban areas of Plateau State.
- To assess the effectiveness of current air quality regulations and mitigation strategies.
- To propose evidence-based interventions to reduce air pollution and its health impacts.
Research Questions
- What is the correlation between levels of air pollutants and the incidence of respiratory diseases in urban Plateau State?
- How effective are existing air quality regulations in reducing respiratory health risks?
- What targeted interventions can mitigate the impact of air pollution on public health?
Research Hypotheses
- Higher levels of air pollution are significantly associated with an increased incidence of respiratory diseases.
- Current air quality regulations do not sufficiently reduce exposure to harmful pollutants.
- Implementing targeted interventions will significantly improve respiratory health outcomes in urban areas.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study focuses on urban centers in Plateau State, utilizing air quality data and hospital records. Limitations include potential data gaps, variability in healthcare reporting, and challenges in isolating air pollution effects from other environmental factors.
Definitions of Terms
- Air Pollution: The presence of harmful substances in the air that pose risks to health.
- Respiratory Diseases: Health conditions affecting the respiratory system, such as asthma and COPD.
- Urban Areas: Densely populated regions characterized by significant industrial and vehicular activities.
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